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| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 53
| Issue : 2 | Page : 103-107 |
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Medication – A boon or bane: Emergencies due to medication-related visits
Mamta Madhiyazhagan, Sudhakar Geratala Dhanapal, Priya Ganesan, Kundavaram Paul Prabhakar Abhilash
Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| Date of Submission | 02-Jun-2020 |
| Date of Decision | 30-Nov-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 28-Apr-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 26-May-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Mamta Madhiyazhagan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore - 632 004, Tamil Nadu
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_357_20
Background: Medication-related visits (MRV) to the Emergency Department (ED) are substantial though weakly recognized and intervened. Data from developing countries on the prevalence of MRV-related ED admissions are scanty. This study is first of its kind in India to estimate the prevalence of MRV, its severity and the factors contributing to these visits.
Methodology: This prospective observational study was done in the ED of an apex tertiary care center in August 2018. A convenient cross-sectional sample of patients presenting with emergencies regarding drug use or ill-use were included and a questionnaire filled after obtaining a written informed consent.
Results: During the study period, a cross-sectional sample of 443 patients was studied and the prevalence of MRV was 27.1% (120/443). The mean age was 55 (standard deviation: 15) years with a male preponderance (60.8%). Triage priority I patients comprised 39.1%. Common presenting complaints included vomiting (25%), seizure (20.8%), giddiness (20%), and abdomen pain (17.5%). Less than ½ (43.3%) were compliant to prescribed medication. The most common reasons for MRV were failure to receive drugs/noncompliance (47.5%), subtherapeutic dosage (25%), and adverse drug reaction (16.7%). Severity of MRV was classified as mild (50%), moderate (38.3%), and severe (11.7%). Out of these visits, 71 (59.2%) were deemed preventable. Three-fourths (73.3%) were stabilized and discharged from the ED.
Conclusion: The fact that a quarter of the ED visits are due to MRV and that more than half of them are preventable is quite alarming. Diligent patient education by the treating physicians may perhaps help in decreasing the incidence of this deleterious event.
Keywords: Compliance, emergency department, medication error, medication-related visits
How to cite this article:
Madhiyazhagan M, Dhanapal SG, Ganesan P, Prabhakar Abhilash KP. Medication – A boon or bane: Emergencies due to medication-related visits. Indian J Pharmacol 2021;53:103-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Madhiyazhagan M, Dhanapal SG, Ganesan P, Prabhakar Abhilash KP. Medication – A boon or bane: Emergencies due to medication-related visits. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 2];53:103-7. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2021/53/2/103/316950 |
| » Introduction | |  |
The use of medication is increasing worldwide, this could be due to the launch of wide range of drugs by the expanding pharmaceutical companies to address large variety of diseases that mandated escalating therapeutic challenges.[1] An array of outcomes are possible when people use medications. Any deviance from the anticipated favourable effect of a medicine would lead to drug-related crisis and visits to the Emergency Department (ED) for those issues are deemed as medication-related visits (MRV).[2] Previous studies on MRVs to the ED demonstrated that 16%–30% of overall visits were attributed to inappropriate use of drugs.[3],[4],[5] The majority of details available on MRVs were from developed countries and such data are lacking from India. Most data were retrospective studies which may underestimate the true prevalence. To achieve a realistic portrayal of ED related MRV, we have conducted a prospective interviewing of patient or their accompanying relatives during patient triaging and treatment. The idea of this study is to ascertain the prevalence of MRV, classify them according to the severity and identifying the most common group of drugs implicated to such visits, preventability and outcomes of the same. By doing so we can reduce the incidence of such deleterious event.
| » Methodology | | |
Design
This was a prospective observational study performed over a span of 4 weeks in a tertiary care centre. Convenient cross-sectional sampling was done by interviewing patients after obtaining informed written consent during a fixed time of 1 h every day (10 AM or 3 PM). The factors contributing to MRV were recorded and the data were analyzed using Hepler and Strand classification.
Setting
We carried out this study in the Adult ED of Christian Medical College and Hospital, a 2900 bedded tertiary care centre in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, South India during August 2018.
Participant
All patients aged above 18 years presenting to triage priority 1 and 2 of ED with MRV during the study period were included in the study. All non-MRV, priority 3 and trauma patients were excluded from the study.
Variables
Patient details were collected by direct patient interview with the patient and/or their relatives, while medication history was collected from prescriptions or through hospital's electronic database. Demographics, examination findings and history of the patients were documented on standard data collection proforma. The variables such as age, gender, presenting complaints, comorbidities, drug history, and physical findings were included in this study.
Triage priority are classified as:
Patients with
- Priority-1: Airway, breathing, or circulatory compromise
- Priority-2: Stable airway, breathing, and circulation with medical emergencies requiring ED admission.
Severity of MRV was outlined as:[6]
- Mild–laboratory derangement/symptoms not warranting intervention
- Moderate–laboratory derangement or symptom requiring admission in a hospital/temporary disability
- Severe–life-threatening symptoms/Permanent disability.
MRV is grouped based on Hepler and Strand classification into eight categories as:[7]
- Untreated indications
- Subtherapeutic dosage
- Drug use without indication
- Drug interactions
- Improper drug selection
- Failure to receive drugs
- Adverse drug reaction
- Overdosage.
Outcome variables
Outcome measures were prevalence, severity of MRV, preventability of MRV, and ED outcomes of MRV. Preventability of MRV was assessed by an independent ED consultant.
Bias
Consecutive sampling was not done due to the arduous task of recruiting patients throughout the day in the ED and hence we adopted a convenient cross-sectional sampling technique.
Study size
Based on the research by Zed et al., using a 10.5% prevalence of MRV to ED, with a precision of 5% and 95% confidence, the required sample size calculated was 156.[5]
Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS Inc. Released 2015, version 23.0. Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the data. Continuous variables are described as mean (standard deviation [SD]). Categorical and nominal variables are described as percentages.
Ethical consideration
Institutional Review Board (IRB Min. No. 10524 dated 01/Feb/2017) certified and approved, patient privacy was ensured using unique identifiers and password secured data entry software with regulated users.
| » Results | | |
Overall, 6372 patients attended the ED during the study period. We screened 443 patients due to convenient cross-sectional sampling method and after the exclusion, 120 visits were deemed MRV and the prevalence was 27.1% [Figure 1]. The mean age was 55 (SD: 15) years with a male preponderance (73 [60.8%]). Triage priority 1 comprised 47 (39.1%) and rest 73 (60.8%) were priority 2. The most common comorbidity was hypertension 66 (55%) followed by diabetes 53 (44.2%), alcohol consumption 22 (18.3%), and smoking 22 (18.3%) [Table 1]. Common presenting complaints included vomiting 30 (25%), breathing difficulty 25 (20.8%), giddiness 24 (20%), seizure 21 (17.5%), and abdomen pain 19 (17.5%) [Table 2]. Most commonly implicated drug was antihypertensives 41 (34.1%) followed by oral hypoglycemics 25 (20.8%) and anticonvulsants 19 (15.8%) [Table 3]. Only half i.e., 52 (43.3%) were compliant to prescribed medication. The most common reasons for MRV were failure to receive drugs 57 (47.5%), subtherapeutic dosage 30 (25%) and adverse drug reaction 20 (16.7%) [Table 4]. Severity of MRV was classified as mild 60 (50%), moderate 46 (38.3%), and severe in 14 (11.7%). Out of these visits, 71/120 (59.2%) were deemed preventable. Three-fourths (73.3%) were discharged stable from the ED [Table 5]. | Table 2: Chief complaints of patients presenting with medication related visit
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 | Table 4: Classification of medication related visit based on Hepler and Strand classification[8]
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 | Table 5: Severity, preventability and outcomes of medication related visit
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| » Discussion | | |
MRVs are substantial problem and influence to the overall burden of our health care sector. Prospective study design in adult population have shown greater incidence rate than retrospective study design as latter would underestimate the true incidence due to missing data or inaccurate documentation.[1] This study is designed as a prospective observational study to analyze complete medication history captured from routine chart information and brief questionnaire. Thus prospective model, randomization and adequate sample size enhance the probability that our valuations are precise and applicable to general population. Prevalence from earlier prospective studies done in ED visits was consistent with our results.[5],[8],[9],[10] Arifri et al. conducted a study in Saudi Arabia which showed a lesser prevalence compared to our study and this would reflect our country's position among developing nations.[11] In most studies, MRV is limited to adverse medication reaction stated by the World Health Organization as “any noxious, unintended, or undesired effect of a drug, which occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment.”[12] Helper and Strand's description of MRV is more complete and reproducible.[7] We have adopted the same for meaningful characterization of MRV to the ED. In our study majority of MRVs were due to failure to receive drugs which is contrary to Pepe et al. where untreated indication and overdosage topped the list.[13] Most patients in our study were noncompliant to drug regimen as seen in the previous international study.[14],[15] Adequate health education to the patient and/or accompanying relative regarding side effects of medicine and the pros and cons of treatment schedule can minimize noncompliance. Antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemics, and anticonvulsants were the commonly implicated drugs in our study, matching other studies.[13],[16] This implies medications used for chronic illnesses are to be monitored closely by emphasising regular outpatient department visits, enforced counselling and education are needed for patients receiving chronic drugs. Percentage of preventability of MRV in our study was similar to studies in literature.[17],[18],[19] In general, the soaring rate of preventability encourages researchers to foresee ideas to confront this issue. On contrary to Singh et al. study, where three fourth MRVs were moderate, our study recorded higher rates of severe outcomes.[20] These ill outcomes can be avoided by patient-centerd care model which includes guided patient care by family physicians and pharmacists. According to existing literature, this is the most efficient way of providing safe and effective therapy.[21] MRVs are directly related to total number of drugs prescribed per patient, as multiple drugs invite the possibility of poor adherence and adverse drug interactions.[22] For that reason, reducing the total number of medicines using fixed-dose combination might help in addressing this issue. It is worthy to investigate the root cause of every such event to allow for suitable mediation in these patients. In conclusion, drug compliance, insight of health provider on prescription medication, monitoring of routine medicine and patient health education are the areas recognized for improvement. Family doctors and pharmacists should work together to fortify care plans and inspect patients at regular intervals to prevent MRVs.
Limitations
A few patients with minor MRVs were excluded due to lower triage priorities as only patients requiring ED admission were recruited. Brief study duration and all data being collected in a single department and hospital are the limitations of our work.
| » Conclusion | | |
The fact that a quarter of the ED visits are due to MRV and that more than half was preventable is quite alarming. Counteractive, anticipatory and instructive strategies should focus on the most common drug, illness, and particular population. This study encourages the appropriate use of medications to warrant the best result of pharmacological mediation. Further studies with extensive duration focusing on MRVs are needed to prevent this malicious issue.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| » References | | |
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
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