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| RESEARCH ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 49
| Issue : 6 | Page : 432-437 |
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Adverse drug reactions at adverse drug reaction monitoring center in Raipur: Analysis of spontaneous reports during 1 year
Preeti Singh1, Manju Agrawal2, Rajesh Hishikar2, Usha Joshi2, Basant Maheshwari2, Ajay Halwai2
1 Department of Pharmacology, ADR Monitoring Centre (PvPI, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GoI), Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, India
2 Department of Pharmacology, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| Date of Submission | 13-Feb-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 06-Feb-2018 |
| Date of Web Publication | 26-Mar-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Manju Agrawal
Department of Pharmacology, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur - 492 001, Chhattisgarh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_781_16
BACKGROUND: India is a developing country and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) influence most of the diseases in our population, and monitoring is required due to the paucity of ADRs. The present study was done to analyze the ADRs at the ADR monitoring center (AMC) of tertiary care hospital in Raipur during 1 year.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of ADR monitoring of outpatient and inpatient was a prospective and observational study carried out between September 2015 and August 2016. The ADRs in the form of Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) was sent to the Indian database (Vigiflow®).
RESULTS: Total ICSRs reported to Vigiflow® were 232 during 1 year. Among them, 63.79% were found to be nonserious and 36.21% were serious. Nearly 45% of ADRs were implicated only due to antimicrobials, which is highest among all other groups of drugs. A maximum number of ADRs were observed in 31–60 years of age group (52.15%). In causality assessment, the probable cases had a higher incidence (67.24%), followed by possible (27.58%) and certain (4.74%). The frequency of ADR reporting at our AMC was low (0.043%) compared to national average. Our AMC shared 0.35% of total ICSRs, which is insignificant (P < 0.001) compared to the JSS, Mysore and PGIMER, Chandigarh, AMCs, which have shared most of the ICSRs in Vigiflow®.
CONCLUSIONS: The frequencies of ADRs reporting in our study are less compared to those reported with other similar studies. Underreporting is a very serious concern in Raipur, and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India must intercede to pick up ADRs across the country.
Keywords: Adverse drug reaction monitoring center, adverse drug reactions, individual case safety reports, Pharmacovigilance Programme of India, Vigiflow®
How to cite this article:
Singh P, Agrawal M, Hishikar R, Joshi U, Maheshwari B, Halwai A. Adverse drug reactions at adverse drug reaction monitoring center in Raipur: Analysis of spontaneous reports during 1 year. Indian J Pharmacol 2017;49:432-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Singh P, Agrawal M, Hishikar R, Joshi U, Maheshwari B, Halwai A. Adverse drug reactions at adverse drug reaction monitoring center in Raipur: Analysis of spontaneous reports during 1 year. Indian J Pharmacol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Oct 2];49:432-7. Available from: https://www.ijp-online.com/text.asp?2017/49/6/432/228452 |
| » Introduction | |  |
All drugs have therapeutic effects and none are absolutely devoid of adverse effects and prescription of them should be judicious and with a satisfactory risk/benefit ratio. Pharmacovigilance has perceived several advancements throughout the world, over the past few decades. The WHO defines “Pharmacovigilance as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems, including herbal materials.”[1]
Common incidences of adverse drug reaction (ADR) in hospitals are recognized in the patients who are suffering from severe and complex disease process or are on multiple drugs, leading to drug interactions. About 10%–20% ADRs reported are from hospitalized patients which leads to prolongation of a stay.[2] ADR reporting has proven to be a useful tool for patients and health of every population, in reducing morbidity and mortality, but there is more scope for increasing the ADR reporting by the patient or his relative or by non-health-care professional (HCP). Sensitization of Indian urban and rural population is the progressive concern of the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) and is the need of the hour.[3] In Western countries, a variety of ADR reporting systems are functioning, but in India, it is mostly reported in the form of spontaneous reporting system, without mandatory legal binding. The main aim is to improve and keep vigilance on drugs to enhance patient safety and achieve better health benefits.[4],[5]
Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has been functioning as the National Coordination Centre (NCC) for PvPI since April 15, 2011, to monitor the safety of drugs. ADR monitoring centers (AMCs) are functioning in (1) medical colleges and hospitals, (2) medical/central/autonomous institutes, (3) private hospitals, and (4) corporate hospitals. AMCs all over India (total 250; coordinated by NCC-PvPI) are the collecting body of the suspected ADR form, from the HCPs, non-HCPs, or patients directly or through Patient safety Pharmacovigilance Associate (PSPvA). PSPvA follows up the reports to get additional detailed information for scientific assessment.[6] India has a vast ethnic population which suffers from a wide variety of diseases. The complete knowledge and data of ADRs of medicines including herbals, specific to the Indian population lacks, and we have to be dependent on data existing from Western countries. Hence, it is necessary to have a well-organized, voluntary, and broad-based ADR reporting system, to enhance our data and knowledge.[4] At present, PvPI is a very efficient organization for reporting ADRs, but still, underreporting term has not gone from its dictionary. The underreporting of ADR is enormous and a daunting challenge for PvPI.[7],[8]
Our AMC is facing the challenge of underreporting of ADRs. It is one of the oldest institutes in this region with various specialties, serving to the health-care needs of a huge population. Our AMC has been functional since the past 2 years, and we have reported only 26 ADRs in the previous year.[9] During the current period of 1 year, we have reported 232 Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs), which are approximately ten times of our previous reports. With continuous efforts, we intend to take the number of ADRs to the national level. This study was done to analyze the pattern of ADR reported, and the organs affected as per system organ class (SOC), and the medication suspected to cause them.
| » Materials and Methods | | |
The study on analysis of ADR reports was a prospective and observational, which was carried out between September 2015 and August 2016. The study was started after the approval from IPC-PvPI, which has provided technical and logistic support for the study and Institutional Ethical Committee of Medical College, Raipur.
The study included all the suspected ADRs which were reported to our AMC, which occurred either with the prescribed drugs or over-the-counter drugs and included both indoor and outdoor patients.
PSPvA visited in OPD and ward of all departments and noted down the ADR in the Suspected ADR Reporting Form (ADR Form) prescribed by NCC-PvPI from the treating physician and nurses. The patients were visited daily until they were discharged from the hospital. If an ADR was noticed by the patients himself/herself, he/she used to fill the patient ADR form and send it to our AMC or reported it by calling at national helpline number 18001803024. We reported all collected ADRs through Vigiflow ® software provided by NCC after HCPs confirmation in the form of ICSRs. Some ADRs were also reported from periphery hospitals. If any query or some extra points for ICSRs were required from NCC, the PSPvA contacted the HCP and collected the desired requirements and sent them to NCC. Those ADRs which (1) required hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization, (2) were permanently disabling, (3) leading to congenital anomaly, (4) were life threatening, and (5) led to death, were labeled as serious ADRs. The causality assessment was done using WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Center causality scale by the departmental causality assessment committee.[10] The type, number, seriousness, and pattern of ADR reported, at different levels as per SOC, and the medication suspected to cause ADR has been studied. The information of the patients and reporters related to ADR was kept confidential.
Statistical analysis
The ADR-related data were calculated as a percentage of the patient population. One-way analysis of variance was used for three or more group comparisons, followed by post hoc Tukey's test. All statistical calculations were analyzed using statistical software (Sigma Stat, Version 3.5) (DUNDAS SOFTWARE LTD.,© wpcubed, GmbH, Germany and © TE Sub Systems). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| » Results | | |
During our study period, the number of inpatient and outpatient attendance was 532,514 (data collected from hospital medical record department), among them 242 ADRs were recognized. However, 232 ICSRs (0.043%) were reported through Vigiflow ®. Monthly ADRs were analyzed, number of serious ADRs, and nonserious ADRs defined in [Figure 1], which shows December 2015 has the highest number of ADRs, whereas January 2016 has the highest number of serious ADRs. | Figure 1: Number of adverse drug reactions submitted since September 2015 to August 2016
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The demographic tendencies toward ADRs occurrences are 75 (32.33%) males and 157 (67.67%) females, and the causality assessment and ADRs related with different routes are shown in [Table 1]. The highest percentage of ADRs was reported from gynecology departments (22%). ADRs reported through helpline number were 1.72% of total ICSRs [Figure 2]. The ADRs due to polypharmacy is 66% (more than four drugs per prescription). In our study, only 21.55% ADRs were reported from OPD, whereas 78.45% were from the indoor department, who were admitted mainly for surgery or for multiple diseases simultaneously requiring prolonged stay. | Table 1: Demographic, route of administration, and causality of adverse drug reactions
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Numbers of ADRs by various pharmacological classes of drugs are summarized in [Figure 3]. Among them, only antimicrobials have acquired approximately half of the ADRs (45% ADRs). The types of ADRs in various organ systems (SOC) have been summarized in [Table 2]. ADRs of skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders were greatest among all SOCs. | Figure 3: Pharmacological classes of drugs implicated to cause adverse drug reactions
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 | Table 2: Frequency and types of adverse drug reactions reported by adverse drug reaction monitoring center according to system organ class
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In the period of 1 year, total ICSRs submitted by some leading medical colleges in India by various state AMCs and our AMC with including pharmaceutical companies were 66,056. The monthly ICSRs have been compared [Figure 4]. AMCs of JSS, Mysore and PGIMER, Chandigarh have contributed 3.68% and 3.66% ICSRs, respectively, in Indian database (Vigiflow ®), whereas our AMC shared a small proportion of 0.35% of ICSRs in Indian database. There is statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) between JSS, Mysore and PJNM, Raipur, reporting of ADRs through Vigiflow. | Figure 4: Comparative performance to our adverse drug reaction monitoring center with leading medical college's adverse drug reaction monitoring centers in India. Contribution of individual case safety reports to National Coordination Centre, Ghaziabad, through Vigiflow® since September 2015 to August 2016
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| » Discussion | | |
Joint efforts by over 100 member countries in the Pharmacovigilance Programme have helped the WHO international database of suspected ADRs, VigiBase ®, which has reached 14 million ICSRs.[11] In Indian database, Vigiflow ®, a total number of 66,056 ICSRs were reported from various AMCs and pharmaceutical companies since September 2015 to August 2016, according to Monthly Progress Report (PvPI, IPC).[12] In this regard, our AMC contributed 232 (0.352%) of whole ICSRs in Vigiflow ® during 1 year. This reporting ADRs data are insignificant compared to JSS, Mysore and PGIMER, Chandigarh AMC, who have contributed a maximum number of ICSRs in Vigiflow ® which is 3.63% and 3.33%, respectively. The AMCs of other states such as Madhya Pradesh (GMC, Bhopal and SAIMS, Ujjain), Ranchi, CG, and Guwahati has contributed only 0.14% and 0.89%, 0.23%, 0.35%, and 0.39% respectively [Figure 4]. Underreporting of ADRs from these states may be due to poor literacy rates, underdeveloped health-care facilities, and high poverty. Moreover, the AMCs of these states are in their infant stage. Continuous awareness programs for HCPs and public will improve and increase the number of ADRs reporting. Although HCPs have good knowledge and awareness on adverse reaction reporting and pharmacovigilance, their practices need to be improved.
The incidence rate of ADRs in our hospital was 0.044%. The total number of patients registered in our OPD and IPD during this period was 531,877 (data collected from hospital medical record department). The occurrence rate of ADR in various studies across the globe is in the range of 6% to 20%.[2] Gor and Desai had reported the incidence rate of 3% ADR in his study,[2] whereas in another study, the incidence rate of ADR was 3.17% during 6 months of the period.[10] In our AMC, low incidences of ADR reporting may be due to many factors such as unawareness about ADRs reporting, lower literacy, and overburdened HCPs. There is a necessity to understand the cause or the relatively low frequency of ADR reporting in our AMC.
Polypharmacy is very prevalent worldwide, so in India and also in our AMC.[13],[14] It was observed that prescribing single or two drugs causes very low or no ADRs. On the other hand, as the number of prescribed drugs increases, the ADRs also increase. In our study, 155 prescriptions (66%) contained four or more drugs, which supported that polypharmacy increases the incidence of ADRs.[15] Antimicrobials have the lion's share among the drugs causing ADR,[16],[17] and our study also revealed an incidence of 45% ADRs due to antimicrobials. Similarly, prolonged hospitalization due to comorbidity added to the burden of ADRs.[18],[19]
The reporting frequency of ADRs by nursing staff was low (21.98%) compared with doctors (82.32%) and the patient's contribution was very low (4.31%) even after sensitization to all of them. This observation was also supported by a study conducted in Karnataka state.[20] This may be due to the high workload or inattention toward ADRs reporting or less confidence and fear for legal implications in spite of the fact that there are no legal implications for ADR reporting. In addition, there is a well-maintained confidentiality about the reporter and patients.
As per SOC in our study, ADRs of skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders were 95 (41%) and 36 (15.5%), respectively. This finding is similar to other studies where skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders ranked highest.[21] Among all the ADRs, none was newly detected reaction to the associated drug and all were well known and documented. We also reported some specific ADRs such as systemic lupus syndrome and Stevens–Johnson syndrome due to isoniazid and ceftriaxone, respectively.
PvPI must focus on multiple approaches for sensitizing everyone who is either consuming or dispensing or prescribing medicines. All should be made aware of their role in ADRs reporting and its importance in the future for their health benefit. Sensitization process is not a 1-day process. It should be continuous and should focus on some basic points such as (1) legal aspects: as HCPs have a fear of litigation. They feel that the occurrence of ADR is due to wrong drug prescribed or due to drug interaction in their prescription; (2) complacency: HCPs believe that before a medicine is introduced in the market, its ADRs are already mentioned, so similar ADR of a drug needs not be reported again; (3) hesitancy: believing that if there is certainty of the ADRs to occur by the use of a particular drug, then reporting should be done; (4) unimportance: assuming that a single ADR report will make no change; (5) unawareness: they think that reporting should be done of just serious or new ADRs; (6) excuses: like lack of time, why should I report, whom to report, and type of attitude should be changed; or (7) disinterestedness.[22] Some approaches such as small financial incentives (rewards for reporting) to doctors and nurses may support ADRs reporting enthusiasm. Felicitation of HCPs who have reported maximum ADRs during get together programs of the hospitals will motivate other staff. Approaches such as the ADRs monitoring network within hospitals,[23] social media,[24],[25] educational programs for physicians and medical students,[26],[27] making ADRs reporting compulsory for nurses and paramedical staff,[28] workshop and telephonic conversation, and use of the mobile app (for ADR reporting)[29],[30] may help in improving ADRs reporting. Doctors (interns and house officers), nurses, pharmacist, and residents also need to be more actively involved in reporting ADRs, to increase the reporter base. An intensive monitoring approach by PSPvA with the help of HCPs can improve the detection of ADRs and help in reinforcing the ICSRs in Vigiflow ®. Teaching of pharmacovigilance to undergraduate and postgraduate students in pharmacology and hands-on training on how to fill up the form, perform causality assessment, and knowledge about Vigiflow ® will improve ADRs reporting.[7],[9] Pharmacovigilance is lifetime processes and should not stop, once an ADR is reported or well known among populations or at any stage of a life cycle of drug and human beings. Pharmacovigilance plays a vital role in our health's safety and should be the moral responsibility of society as a whole to report ADRs.
| » Conclusions | | |
Our study finds that the incidence of ADR reporting in our AMC is insignificant, compared to that reported by other AMCs. The incidence of ADR reported by various studies across the world is 6%–20%, whereas in India, it is up to 3%. HCPs have good knowledge and awareness on ADR, but their practice in the form of reporting needs to be improved. Underreporting is a very serious concern in our AMC, and PvPI must initiate newer methodologies to enhance reporting of ADRs in our country.
Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to The IPC, NCC-PvPI, Dr. BRAM Hospital and Department of Pharmacology.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was financially supported by IPC, PvPI, and Dr. BRAM Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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